Chinese way of thinking and general social scientific methodologies in comparison

In 2011, Benti and Changwu: Dialogues on Methodology in Economics (Amazon Kindle version, see the middle image of the covers) by Justin Yifu Lin was published. The author is a Professor at Peking University and then Chief Economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank. The English version is a translation of his Chinese book On Economic Method, Dialogue with Professor Lin, published by Peking University Press in 2005 (see the cover on the left; the cover on the right is the second edition, published in 2012). This book offered significant insights, and the main title, Benti & Changwu, attracted the attention of the China in Comparative Perspective Network (CCPN) at LSE. The book incorporates multiple elements of traditional Chinese culture, particularly the Chinese philosophical concept of ‘Ontology and Wu.’ This concept, central to Daoist philosophy, embodies the notion of ‘wu’ (non-being), representing a state of tranquility and infinity, and reflects the Eastern cultural approach to understanding and exploring the world.

CCPN decided to engage Professor Justin Lin in a dialogue titled ‘A Comparison between Chinese Ways of Thinking and General Social Science Methodology.’ On Tuesday, 6 March 2012, the LSE Council approved the recommendation to award Justin Yifu Lin an Honorary Doctorate of the School. He was to be awarded the Doctor of Science (Economics) as LSE’s honorary degree for 2012 (one awarded per year). The nomination was made by Dr. Kent Deng, CCPN Director, with the support of Professor Janet Hunter, Head of the Department of Economic History, and Professor Danny Quah, of the Department of Economics and Chair of the CCPN Management Committee. Professor Justin Yifu Lin was scheduled to attend the presentation ceremony at LSE on 18 December. Dr. Xiangqun Chang, Co-Director of CCPN, planned and organized a seminar titled ‘Chinese Ways of Thinking and General Social Science Methodologies in Comparison.’

Professor Lin requested that all seminar participants purchase a copy of the Kindle version from Amazon and read it before the seminar. This book is a collection of Professor Lin’s dialogues with his postgraduate students during a course on transition economics conducted in 2003 and 2004 at Peking University and includes three journal articles as appendices. Presented in a question-and-answer format, the book discusses how to conduct economic research creatively and construct one’s own theoretical framework and model based on in-depth analysis of phenomena. The author also emphasizes the importance of Chinese economists adopting internationally accepted norms in their research while focusing on indigenous problems, and he critically reflects on the limitations of existing neoclassical theories in interpreting the development and transition of developing countries.

Key Features

Authored by one of the best-known Chinese economists
Written in a simple question-and-answer format between the professor and his students
Discusses how to conduct economic research creatively and construct one’s own model based on in-depth analysis of phenomena
Critically reflects on the limitations of existing neoclassical theories for interpreting the development and transition of developing countries

Mainstream Principles and Premises
(In)applicability to China
Theoretical Innovations in Economics

Appendix 1. Indigenization, Normalization, and internationalization: Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of Economic Research
Appendix 2. Economic Research Methodology and the Development of Economics in China
Appendix 3. Viability, Economic Transition, and Reflections on Neoclassical Economics

CCPN posed some questions for Professor Lin for discussion:

Benti and changwu (title of the book): you said ‘rationality is the common foundational premise, the core, or benti (本体) of economics’,… people are rational, everywhere is the same, but decision-makers have very different constraint and opportunity costs (15-16%; p9-10). Changwu is a mind-set of ever-changing social and economic phenomena, namely, to be freed from the constraints of any existing theories’ (20-21%). You also said ‘a logical and internally consistent theoretical system can be built when there is a fundamental unchangeable premise, e.g., Confucian philosophy is built on the virtue of ren (benevolence) which remains unchanged. The behaviour conforming to ren is yi (righteousness), and the ability to judge what behaviour is righteous and can achieve ren is zhi (wisdom), [or li (propriety), xi (trust)]. Circumstances and conditions are different so ways to achieve ren may vary (29-30%; p37-38). Question: Does the pair of Chinese terms benti and changwu just give a methodology for economics or can they be extended to other social scientific methodology? E.g., there is a Chinese saying ‘Yi bubian ying wan bian’ (meeting all changes by remaining unchanged – coping with a constantly changing situation by sticking to a fixed principle or policy). Here unchanged is benti, so are all the changes changwu?
China in comparative perspective: In answering the question ‘why emphasize methodology (13-14% Kindle; p5-6 Chinese version)’ you compare China with the fast development of ‘four Asian tigers’ when mentioning the ‘advantage of backwardness (后发优势)’, and the ‘shock therapy’ of the chaotic transition of the former Soviet Union and East Europe. Question: The way in which you use China as a comparator to compare with other countries and regions is similar to ‘China in comparative perspective’ that we use. Can you use two examples to demonstrate which theory or theories from your work benefit directly in applying this method?
Rigorous or beyond logical proof: On the one hand you agreed ‘mathematics was intended to make economic theories more rigorous’ which is important; on the other hand you said ‘sometimes relevance is sacrificed for rigor’. When you discussed economic methodology you mentioned Chinese classical literature, language, poetic forms (shi or ci诗or词), cooking, painting, the arts, and the instinct of being able to discover the most important variables from thousands of possible factors, etc. (17-19%; p8,13-14). Question: This is very similar to a Chinese scholar’s style, e.g. Fei Xiaotong. Gary Hamilton, translator of Fei’s From the Soil (《乡土中国》), uses this book as an example showing ‘what Fei had was a sympathetic understanding of those he studied which went beyond logical proof’ (2011), although strictly speaking this book looks unlike a production of social scientific research. Do you think this writing style by Chinese social scientists is a characteristic of Chinese social scientific methodology?
Advantage or disadvantage of natives studying their own native societies: On the one hand, you said ‘most people view a theory as the truth and believe that once a theory works in one place, it must be applicable universally’, as one theory fits all, when stressing theoretical innovation and usefulness (20%; p18). On the other hand, you said ‘the 21st century is a century for economists in China’, because from the industrial Revolution in the 18th century to World War I, the largest and strongest economy in the world was the UK. Economists in the UK enjoyed a favourable position to observe and study what happened there. The UK was the world centre for economic research and most world-class economists emerged there, as in a Chinese saying, ‘A waterfront pavilion gets the moonlight first’ (60-62%; p90-91). Question: This is similar to Fei’s Xiaotong’s methodology when he stressed the ‘advantage of natives studying of native societies’. However, Edmund Leach (1982) was critical of some Chinese scholars’ work including Fei Xiaotong’s work in Kaixiangong, as they knew their native culture too well and illegitimately took advantage of it in their work; Leach also criticized the attempt to generalise to the whole of China, and to a long Chinese history, based simply on one local study. What is the advantage of natives studying native societies?
Synthesis of multiple phenomena: You summarised your methods as ‘one analysis and three inductions’. The three inductions include a horizontal approach, e.g. comparison with some socialist countries which adopted the planned economic system, with Indian and many Latin American countries, which are not socialist countries; and a vertical approach, e.g. from a historical longitudinal perspective, the planned economy was initiated in 1929 in former Soviet Union; the third method of induction is the ‘synthesis of multiple phenomena, in which economists conduct a comprehensive analysis of many phenomena at a given time and place and expect a common cause behind them rather than analysing them one by one’ (35-36%; p45-47). Question: This is similar to many Chinese scholars, e.g. Jingqing Cao (2000), author of Along with the Yellow River (《黄河边的中国》); Xiangqun Chang (Guanxi or Li shang wanglai ? — Reciprocity, Social Support Networks, & Social Creativity in a Chinese Village, 2010), found in her fieldwork that there are usually multiple criteria for judgment appropriate to any one relationship, which makes satisfying all of them, or as many as possible, a challenging task both valued by society and enjoyed by those who exercise it. Do you think your ‘three inductions’, in particular the third one, is the Chinese way of thinking?
‘Royal road to study’ (学问之道): this is one of the Appendices that was omitted in the English version of the book. You explained the ‘royal road’ (dao) is the goal, and the standard and method of being a good person (做人self-conduct), doing good things (做事) and indulging in profound scholarship (做学问). According to the dao scholars should have extensive knowledge and think both deeply and carefully. The great masters should from the bottom of their hearts take care of human beings and society; treat the world’s rise and fall as one’s own mission; have historical and global views, Noble spirit, etc. (p129-145). Question: this has been a very popular idea for Chinese scholars since ancient China. Why did you omit this one from the English version? How does THIS Chinese way of thinking and in doing research affect the outcome of their results?

The seminar was held at the Seligman Library, Department of Anthropology, from 8:30 to 10:00 am on 18th December 2012. It was organized by Dr. Xiangqun Chang, Co-Director of CCPN. The seminar was chaired by Professor Stephan Feuchtwang, the Founding Director of CCPN.

The speaker provided an overview of his theoretical contributions to economic and development studies, drawing from his extensive research on China. These contributions are methodologically enriched by the Chinese way of thinking, as demonstrated in his innovative teaching approach, detailed in Benti and Changwu: Dialogues on Methodology in Economics (2012). This work is the English edition of the original Chinese publication (《与林老师对话：论经济学方法论》, 2005). Following this outline, the speaker engaged in an insightful dialogue with LSE academics and students. The seminar served as an intellectual exploration of how the Chinese way of thinking can extend from economics to other social scientific disciplines, highlighting the cross-disciplinary relevance of this approach.

The event saw the participation of distinguished academics, including Professor Martin Albrow, Senior Research Associate of CCPN at LSE and former President of the British Sociological Association, and Professor Sam Whimster, Deputy Director and Head of the UK Future Programme at the Global Policy Institute (UK) and Editor of the journal of Max Weber Studies.

Some participants of the seminars.

Dr Justin Yifu Lin’s biography

Dr Justin Yifu Lin is Chief Economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank.

He is the Bank’s first ever chief economist from a developing country. Previously, Dr Lin had served as Founding Director of the China Center for Economic Research at Peking University, Professor of Economics at Peking University and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Dr Lin’s intellectual contributions rest in two distinct areas. The first of these is the mechanics of China’s economic development, Dr Lin has shown how non-competitive industrial structures in China have interacted with technological capacity-building in China’s enterprises. He has shown how this interaction has worked to facilitate China’s rapid rate of growth and technological advancement, and helps explain the success of China’s brand of industrial policy.

The second area of Professor Lin’s contribution is the role of China in the global economy. This steps outside of conventional economics but instead is an area of economic research that engages with the fields of international relations and international political economy. Dr Lin, both in his current position at one of the centers of global policy-making and in his guise as economic scholar, has contributed critical thinking in this area. Dr Lin has provided rigorous analysis of the different dimensions where the on-going rise of China’s economy will continue to shift the global economy, and clarified where dangers but also opportunities continue to emerge.

Justin Lin is the author of a number of books, including: Outlines and Highlights for Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy and Viability (2008); Demystifying the Chinese Economy (2011) and New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development and Policy (2012). Dr Lin’s books and articles, many of them in top journals, find a place on reading lists for the growing number of courses on modern Chinese economic development. He gave the prestigious Marshall Lectures for the Economics Faculty at Cambridge in 2007/8, entitled Development Strategy, Institutions and Economic Performance in Less Developed Countries, demonstrating that his expertise extended far beyond China alone

By Professor Danny Quah, Economics Department, LSE

Selected Publication

Books

   1. 2012. The Quest for Prosperity: How Developing Economies Can Take Off, Princeton University Press
   2.  2012. New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development Policy, Washington, World Bank.
   3. 2012. Demystifying the Chinese Economy, Cambridge University Press (English edition) [Special Topics in Chinese Economy, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2008, Chinese Edition]
   4. 2012. Benti and Changwu: Dialogues on Methodology in Economics, Cengage. (Dialogue with Professor Lin: On Economic Methodology, Peking University Press, 2005, Chinese edition)
   5. 2010. Selected Works of Lin Yifu, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province: Shanxi Economics Press.
   6. 2009. The Chinese Economy: Reform and Development, New York: McGraw Hill (with Cai Fang and Yong Cao).
   7. 2009. Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy and Viability, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2008 (Chinese edition); Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (English edition).
   8. 2008. Inclusive Growth toward a Harmonious Society in China, Manila: ADB (with Juzhong Zhuang, Min Tang)
   9. 2007. There Is No Textbook Paradigm for Understanding Chinese Economy, Beijing: China’s Social Sciences Literature Press.
   10. 2005. Lessons of China’s Transition from a Planned Economy to a Market Economy, Leon Kozminski Academy of Entrepreneurship and Management, Distinguished Lecture Series No. 16.
   11. 2005. Dialogue with Professor Lin: On Development Strategy, Peking University Press.
   12. 2004. Viability, Economic Development and Transition, Peking University Press.
   13. 2004. Development Strategy and Economic Reform, Peking University Press.
   14. 2004. Development Strategy and Economic Development, Peking University Press.
   15. 2003. The Chinese Economy, Beijing: China Finance and Economics Publishing House (with Fang Cai).
   16. 2001. China’s Integration with the World Economy: Repercussions of China’s Accession to the WTO, Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (edited jointly with Kyung Tae Lee and Si Joong Kim).
   17. 2000. Institution, Technology and Agricultural Development in China, II, Beijing: Peking University Press.
   18. 2000. China’s State-owned Enterprise Reform (Zhongguo Guoyou Qiye Gaige), Taipei: Linking Press (with Fang Cai and Zhou Li), Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, 2001, English edition.
   19. 1999. The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform, revised and expanded. Shanghai People’s Publishing House and Shanghai Sanlian Shudian (for Mainland China); and Seoul: Baeksan Press, 2001 (Korean edition): Moscow: Far Eastern Institute Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001, Hong Kong, Chinese University Press, 2003 (English edition).
   20. 1998. Contemporary Economic Issues, Volume 1: Regional Experience and System Reform (Proceedings of the 11th World Congress of IEA, Tunis, IEA Conference Volume No. 121), London: MacMillan Press and New York: St. Martin’s Press.
   21. 1998. How Did China Feed Itself in the Past? How Will China Feed Itself in the Future? Second Distinguished Economist Lecture, Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
   22. 1997. Sufficient Information and State Enterprise Reform in China《充分信息与国有企业改革》，中文简体字版，上海人民出版社  , Shanghai: People’s Press and Sanlian Press;

Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, Chinese Edition;
Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, English edition 1999;
Tokyo: Nihon Hyo Ron Sha, Japanese Edition 1998. (with Fang Cai and Zhou Li).

23. 1996. Agricultural Research Priorities: A Demand and Supply Analysis of Grain Technology in China, Beijing: Agriculture Press (《中国农业科研优先序》中国农业出版社Chinese with Minggao Shen and Hao Zhou. Book was awarded First Prize, Fifth Scientific Research Award, Peking University).
24. 1994. The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform, Shanghai People’s Publishing House and Shanghai Sanlian Sudian (for Mainland China);

1995. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press (for overseas1995年中文繁体字版，香港中文大学出版社),
1996. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press (English edition英文版，香港中文大学出版社),
1996. Tokyo: Nihon Hyo Ron Sha (Japanese edition日文版，东京日本评论社);
1996. Seoul: Baeksan Press (Korean edition韩文版，汉城白山书社);
1999. Ho Chi Minh City: Saigon Times (Vietnamese edition越文版，胡志明市，西贡时报出版社);
1998/2000. Paris: Economica (French edition) (with Cai Fang and Li Zhou) 法文版，巴黎Economica出版社;
1999. Shanghai People’s Publishing House and Shanghai Sanlian Shudian ( revised version, for Mainland China).

   25.1994. Nature and impact of hybrid rice in China, IRRI; LRPI, Manila (Philippines)
   26. 1992. Institution, Technology and Agricultural Development in China, Shanghai: Shanghai Sanlian Shudian (Awarded 1993 Sun Yefang Prize). 《制度、技术和中国农业发展》，上海人民出版社和三联出版社。
   27. 1991, Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy and Viability, Peking University Press

Journals (English)

   1. “Beyond Keynesianism: Global Infrastructure Investments in Times of Crisis,” Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, forthcoming.
   2. “From Flying Geese to Leading Dragons: New Opportunities and Strategies for Structural Transformation in Developing Countries,” Global Policy, forthcoming.
   3. “China’s Integration with The World: Development as A Process of Learning and Industrial Upgrading,” China Economic Policy Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 2012): 1-33.
   4. “A Pro-Growth Response to the Crisis,” Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, 46(6), Nov/Dec 2011: 321-326.
   5. “Global Imbalances, Reserve Currency and Global Economic Governance,” Journal for Money and Banking, 60, 11, Nov 2011:2-7.
   6. “Shocks, Vulnerability and Therapy,” African Development Review, 23 (4), 2011: 371-379.
   7. “The Coming Multipolar World Economy,” The International Economy, 25 (3), Summer 2011: 30-31.
   8. “China and the Global Economy,” China Economic Journal, 4(1), Oct 2011: 1-14
   9. “The Coming Multipolar World Economy: Is the Developed World Prepared?” The International Economy, Summer 2011: 30-31 (with Mansoor Dailami)
   10. “New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development,” World Bank Research Observer, 26 (2), Sep 2011: 193-221.
   11. “Finding a Path to Growth,” This is Africa: A Global Perspective, Jun 8, 2011: 50-51.
   12. “Understanding Urbanization and Urban-Rural Inequality in China: A New Perspective from Government’s Development Strategy,” Frontier of Economics in China” 2011, 6(1): 1–21 (with Binkai Chen).
   13. “Growth Identification and Facilitation: the Role of State in the Process of Dynamic Growth,” Development Policy Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (May 2011), pp. 264-290; “Rejoinder”: 304-309.
   14. “A Comment on Professor Robert Wade’s Rebuttal,” Global Policy, 2(2), May 2011: 231-2.
   15. “Beyond Keynes,” World Policy Journal, 28(1), Spring 2011: 35-40.
   16. “Tiere des lecons du passé pour imagier le future: Opening Remarks: Learning from the past to reinvent the future,” Revue D;’Economie du Developpement,” 2010/4 Decembre, Numero special, Lecons de L’asie de l’est et crise finaniere mondiale: 5-20.
   17. “Shocks, Crises and Their Determinants,” Middle East Development Journal, 2(2), Dec 2010: 159-76.
   18. “Six Steps for Strategic Government Intervention,” Global Policy, 1(3), Oct 2010: 330-31.
   19. “US-China external imbalance and the global financial crisis,” Chinese Economic Journal, 3 (1), Jun 2010): 1- 24 (with Hinh Ding and Fernando Im).
   20. “Policy Responses to the Global Economics Crisis,” Development Outreach, 11(3), Dec 2009: 29-33.
   21. “Beyond Keynesianism: the Necessity of a Globally Coordinated Solution,” Harvard International Review, 31(2), Summer 2009:14-17.
   22. “DPR Debate: Should Industrial Policy in Developing Countries Conform to Comparative Advantage or Defy it?” Development Policy Review, 27 (5), Sep 2009: 483-502 (with Ha-Joon Chang).
   23. “Innovative R&D and Optimal Investment under Uncertainty in High-Tech Industries: An Implication for Emerging Economies,” Research Policy, 38, 2009:1388-95 (with Yingyi Tsai and Luica Kurekova).
   24. “Economic Thoughts from an East Asian Perspective: a Conceptual Framework of Viability and Development strategy,” China Economic Journal, 1(3), 2008: 245-74.
   25. “Policy Burden, Privatization and Soft Budget Constraint,” Journal of Comparative Economics, 36, 2008: 90-102 (with Zhiyun Li).
   26. “The Needham puzzle, the Weber Question, and China’s Miracle: Long-term Performance since the Sung dynasty,” China Economic Journal, 1, 1, 2008: 63 – 95.
   27. “Inclusive Growth toward a Harmonious Society in the People’s Republic of China: An Overview,” Asian Development Review, 25 (1-2), 2008:1-14 (with Juzhong Zhuang, Min Tang and Tun Lin).
   28. “Achieving Equity and Efficiency Simultaneously in the Primary Distribution Stage in the People’s Republic of China,” Asian Development Review, 25 (1-2), 2008: 3457 (with Peilin Liu).
   29. “Deflationary Expansion: An Overshooting Perspective to the Recent Business Cycle in China,” China Economic Review, 19, 2008: 1-17 (with Gang Gong).
   30. “Prospect for China-Korea economic relations,” China & World Economy, 14(1), 2006: 57-70.
   31. “Late Marketisation versus Late Industrialization in East Asia,” Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 19 (1), May 2005: 42-59 (with Keun Lee and Ha-Joon Chang).
   32. “Viability, Economic Transition, and Reflection on Neoclassical Economics,” Kyklos, 58 (2), 2005: 239-64.
   33. “Development Strategies for Inclusive Growth in Developing Asia,” Asian Development Review, 21(2), 2004: 1-27.
   34. “Rural Taxation and Government Regulation in China,” Agricultural Economics, 31 (2-3), Special Issue, Dec. 2004: 161-68 (with Ran Tao and Mingxing Liu).
   35. “Reform and Development in China: A New Institutional Economics Perspective,” Seoul Journal of Economics, 17 (3), Fall 2004: 335-81 (with Yingyi Tsai).
   36. “Viability and the Development of China’s Capital Markets” China & World Economy, 12 (6), 2004: 3-10.
   37. “Is China’s Growth Real and Sustainable?” Asian Perspective, 28 (3), 2004: 5-29.
   38. “An Everlasting Inspiration: In Memory of Professor D. Gale Johnson,” Journal of Asian Economics, 15, 2004: 457-60.
   39. “Regional Inequality and Labor Transfers in China,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jul 2004): 587-603 (with Gewei Wang and Yaohui Zhao).
   40. “The Causes of China’s Great Leap Famine, 1959-1961,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(1), Oct 2003: 51-74 (with James K.S. Kung).
   41. “Development Strategy, Viability, and Economic Convergence,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51(2), Jan 2003: 277-308.
   42. “Is China Following the East Asian Model? A ‘Comparative Institutional Analysis’ Perspective,” China Review, 2(1), Spring 2002: 85-120 (with Keun Li and Donghoon Han).
   43. “WTO Accession and Financial Market Reform in China,” Cato Journal, 21(1), Spring/Summer 2001: 13-9.
   44. “The Current Deflation in China: Causes and Policy Options,” Asian Pacific Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Dec 2000): 4-21.
   45. “The Development of the Information Industry and the Principle of Comparative Advantage,” World Economy and China, 8 (4), Aug 2000: 3-9.
   46. “WTO Accession and China’s Agriculture,” China Economic Review, 11(4), 2000: 405-8.
   47. “Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth in China,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49 (1), Oct 2000): 1-20 (with Zhiqiang Liu).
   48. “Food Availability, Entitlements and the Chinese Famine of 1959-61,” Economic Journal, 110 (460), Jan 2000: 136-158 (with Dennis Tao Yang).
   49. “Consequences des Reformes Economicques sur les Disparites Regionales en Chine” Revue d’Economie du Development, 1-2, 1999: 7-32.
   50. “Policy Burdens, Accountability, and the Soft Budget Constraint,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 89 (2), May 1999: 426-31 (with Guofu Tan).
   51. “Technological Change and Agricultural Household Income Distribution: Theory and Evidence from China,” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 43(2), Jun 1999: 179-194.
   52. “Fair Competition and China’s State-owned Enterprises Reform,” MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies, 9 (1), 1999: 61-74 (with Fang Cai and Zhou Li).
   53. “On the Causes of China’s Agricultural Crisis and the Great Leap Famine,” China Economic Review, 9 (2), Fall 1998: 125-40.
   54. “Competition, Policy Burdens, and State-owned Enterprise Reform,” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 88 (2), May 1998: 422-27.
   55. “Institutional Reforms and Dynamics of Agricultural Growth in China,” Food Policy, 22 (3), 1997: 201-12.
   56. “China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform,” Asia-Pacific Development Journal, 4(1), Jun 1997: 165-69. (with Fang Cai and Zhou Li).
   57. “The Lessons of China’s Transition to a Market Economy,” Cato Journal, 16 (2), Fall, 1996: 201-31.
   58. “Current Issues in China’s Rural Areas,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 11 (4), Jan 1996: 85-96.
   59. “China’s Regional Grain Self-sufficiency Policy and Its Effect on Land Productivity,” Journal of Comparative Economics, 21, 1995: 187-206 (with Q. James Wen).
   60. “Endowments, Technology and Factor Markets: A Natural Experiment from China’s Rural Institutional Reform,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77 (2), May 1995: 231-242.
   61. “Can China’s Mini-bang Succeed?” Contemporary Economic Policy, 13, January 1995: 10-14.
   62. “The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China?” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 41, January 1995: 269-92.
   63. “The Impacts of Hybrid Rice on Input Demand and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis,” Agricultural Economics, 10, 1994: 153-64.
   64. “Exit Rights, Exit Costs, and Shirking in the Theory of Cooperative Team: A Reply,” (a reply to 1990 JPE article for symposium) Journal of Comparative Economics, 17, Jun 1993: 504-20.
   65. “The Determinants of Farm Investment and Residential Construction in Post-Reform China,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 41, Oct 1992: 1-26 (with Feder, Lau, and Luo).
   66. “Hybrid Rice Innovation in China: a Study of Market-Demand Induced Innovation in a Centrally-Planned Economy,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 74, Feb 1992:14-20.
   67. “On the Development Strategy of an Externally Oriented Economy,” Chinese Economic Studies, 25 (Spring 1992): 53-66.
   68. “Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China,” American Economic Review, 82, Mar 1992: 34-51.
   69. “Public Research Resource Allocation in Chinese Agriculture: A Test of Induced Technological Innovation Hypotheses,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 40 (1), Oct 1991: 55-74.
   70. “Supervision, Peer Pressure, and Incentives in a Labor-Managed firm,” China Economic Review 2, Oct 1991: 213-29.
   71. “Education and Innovation Adoption in Agriculture: Evidence from Hybrid Rice in China,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73, Aug 1991: 713-24.
   72. “The Household Responsibility System Reform and the Adoption of Hybrid Rice in China,” Journal of Development Economics, 36, Jul 1991: 353-72.
   73. “Prohibition of Factor Market Exchanges and Technological Choice in Chinese Agriculture,” Journal of Development Studies, 27, July 1991: 1-15.
   74. “Collectivization and China’s Agricultural Crisis in 1959-1961,” Journal of Political Economy, 98, Dec 1990: 1228-52. (Journal of Comparative Economics,17, Jun 1993; a six-article symposium on this paper).
   75. “The Relationship between Credit and Productivity in Chinese Agriculture: An Application of a Microeconomic model of Disequilibrium,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72, Dec 1990(with Feder, Lau, and Luo).
   76. “An Economic Theory of Institutional Change: Induced and Imposed Change,” Cato Journal, 9, Sep 1989: 1-33.
   77. “Agricultural Credit and Farm Performance in China,” Journal of Comparative Economics, 13, 1989: 508-26 (with Feder, Lau, and Luo).
   78. “The Household Responsibility System in China’s Agricultural Reform: A Theoretical and Empirical Study,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36, Apr 1988: S199-S224.
   79. “The Household Responsibility System Reform in China: A Peasant’s Institutional Choice,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69, May 1987: 410-15.

Journals (Chinese)

   1. “Capital Accumulation and Optimal Bank Size,” China Economic Quarterly, 7 (2), 2008.
   2. “Debates on East Asian Development Model Revisited,” Jinji yanjiu (Economic Research), Aug 2007 (with Ruoen Ren).
   3. “Over Response: An Explanation for China’s Deflationary Growth,” Jingji yanjiu (Economic Research), Apr 2007 (with Gang Gong).
   4. “Wave Phenomenon and the Reconstruction of Macroeconomics in Developing Countries,” Jinji yanjiu (Economic Research), Jan 2007.
   5. “Needham Puzzle, Weber Question, and China’s Miracle,” Peking University Bulletin, 44 (4), Jul 2007.
   6. “Reflection and Proposal on the Exchange Rate Issue of Chinese Yuan,” Guoji jingji pinglun (International Economic Review), 5-7, 2007.
   7. “Appropriate Technology, Technology Choice and Economic Development in Developing Country,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly), 5 (4), 2006 (with Pengfei Zhang).
   8. “Technology Choice, Institution, and Economic Development,”Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly) 5(3), 2006 (with Pengfei Zhang).
   9. “Advantage of backwardness, Borrowed Technology, and Economic Development in Developing Countries,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly) 5 (1), 2005 (with Pengfei Zhang).
   10. “On the Reform of China’s State-owned Enterprise and Financial System,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly), 4(4), 2006 (with Zhiyun Li).
   11. “Economic Structure, Banking Structure and Economic Development: Empirical Evidence from China’s Province Level Panel Data,” Jingrong yanjiu (Financial Research), 1, 2006 (with Ye Jiang).
   12. “Development Strategy, Economic Structure, and Banking Structure: Empirical Evidence from China,” Guanli shijie (Management World), 12, 2005 (with Ye Jiang).
   13. “New Village Construction Is A Mean and An End As Well,” Gaige (Reform) Mar 2006.
   14. “Reflection on the New Village Construction,” Zhongguo jingji guancha, (China Economic Observer) 1, 2006.
   15. “Trend of Economic Development and Cooperation Across the Taiwan Straits,” Guoji maoyi wenti (International Trade Issue), Feb 2006.
   16. “China’s Employment Issue and Policy Option,” Jingjixuejia (Economist), Jan, 2006.
   17. “China’s Regional Disparity and Labour Migration,” Zhongguo laodongli jingjixue (China Labour Economics), 3, 2005.
   18. “China’s State-owned Enterprise Reform and Financial System Reform,”Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly), 4 (4), 2005. (with Zhiyun Li).
   19. “Advantage of backwardness, Borrowed Technology, and Economic Growth in Developing Countries,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economics Quarterly), 5(1), Nov 2005 (with Pengfei Zhang).
   20. “Whither is China’s Economics?” 21 shiji jingji baodao (21st Century Economic Herald), Sep 2005.
   21. “Information, Informal Credit and Small and Medium Firm’s Finance,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), Jul 2005. (with Xifang Sun)
   22. “Poverty, Growth and Equity: China’s Experience and Challenge,” Zhongguo guoqing guoli (State Condition and Strength of China), 8, 2004 (with Peilin Liu)
   23. “Policy Burdens and Soft Budget Constraint: Empirical Evidence from China,” Guanli shijie (Management World), 8, 2004 (with Qi Zhang and Mingxing Liu)
   24. “Development Strategy and China’s Industrialization,” Jingji yanjiu (Economic Research), 7, 2004 (with Mingxing Liu).
   25. “Policy Burden, Moral Hazard and Soft Budget Constraint,” Jingji yanjiu (Economic Research), 2, 2004.
   26. “Ten Strategic Issues for the Eleven Five-year Plan,” Hongguan Jingji Yanjiu (Macroeconomic Research), 1, 2004.
   27. “The International Comparison and Empirical Analysis of Banking Structure,” zhongguo jinrongxue (China Financial Economics), 2(1), 2004 (with Qi Zhang and Mingxing Liu).
   28. “WTO Accession and China’s Grain Security and Rural Development,” Nongcun jingji wenti (Rural Economic Issues), 1, 2004.
   29. “The Comparative Advantage Strategy in Economic Development: A Comment on the Review of China’s Foreign Trade Strategy and Trade Policy,” Guoji jingji pinglun (International Economics Review), 11-2, 2003 (with Xifang Sun)
   30. “Comparative Advantage Strategy and the Revival of Old Industrial Base in Northeast,” Jingji yaocan (Economic Reference), 74, 2003.
   31. “Economic Growth, Convergence and Income Distribution in China,” Shijie jingji (World Economy), 8, 2003 (with Peilin Liu).
   32. “Comparative Advantage, Competitive Advantage and Developing Countries’ Economic Development,” Guanli shijie (Management World), 7, 2003.
   33. “China’s Economy and Education in the Transition Period,” Zhongguo jiaoyu guoji luntan (China International Education Forum) 2, 2003.
   34. “The Impact of Economic Development Strategy on Per Capita Capital Accumulation and Technological Progress,” Zhongguo shehui kexue (China Social Science), 4, 2003.
   35. “Economic Development Strategy, Equity and Efficiency,” Jingjixue jikan (Economics Quarterly), 2(2), 2003.
   36. “Financial Structure and Economic Growth: the Example of Manufacturing Industries,”Zhongguo shehui kexue pinglun (China Social Science Review), 2, 2003.
   37. “Economic Development Strategy and Regional Income Disparities,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 3, 2003.
   38. “Economic Development and Chinese Culture,” Zhanlue yu Guangli (Strategy and Management), 2, 2003.
   39. “Rural Problems and Future Rural Development in China,” Nongye Jingji Wenti, (Issues in Agricultural Economics),1, 2003.
   40. “Economic Development Strategy, Equity, and Efficiency,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economic Quarterly), 2(2), Jan 2003.
   41. “Viability, Transition, and Reflection of Neo-classical Economics,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 2002 No. 12.
   42. “How to Develop Small and Medium Banks,” Caijing (Finance), Nov. 5, 2002.
   43. “New Thoughts Are Needed for Solving Rural Poverty,” Beijing Daxue Xuebao (Peking University Bulletin), 5, 2002.
   44. “China’s Urban Development and Rural Modernization,” Beijing Daxue Xuebao (Peking University Bulletin), 4, 2002.
   45. “China’s Development and the Future of Asia,” Xueshu Yuekan (Academic Monthly), Oct. 2002.
   46. “Comparative Advantage and Poverty Reduction,” Liaowang (Perspective), Apr 8, 2002.
   47. “Development Strategy, Viability and Economic Convergence,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economic Quarterly), 1(2), 2002.
   48. “Viability and the Root of Transition Problems,” Jingji Shehui Bijiao (The Economic and Social System Comparison), 2, 2002.
   49. “On the Future of Second Board in China’s Stock Market, II,” Gaige (Reform), 2, 2002.
   50. “A Centennial Review of Economics in China,” Jingjixue Jikan (China Economic Quarterly), 1(1), Oct 2001.
   51. “The Impact of WTO Accession on China’s Manufacture Sectors,” Hongguan Jingji Yanjiu (Research on Macro Economics), 9, 2001.
   52. “Viability and State-own Enterprise Reform,’ Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 9, 2001.
   53. “The Prospect of Second Board in China’s Stock Market,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market), 2001 No. 8.
   54. “New Economy and Traditional Industry,” Zhongguo Guoqing Guoli (State Condition and Strength in China),” 5, 2001.
   55. “The Marketization of State Asset,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market), 5, 2001.
   56. “Research Methodology and the Development of Economics in China,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 4, 2001.
   57. “Models of Financial Development,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market) 3, 2001.
   58. “WTO Accession and State-owned Enterprise Reform,” Guanli Shijie (Management World) 2, 2001.
   59. “The Development of Small and Medium Financial Institutions and the Finance of Small and Medium Enterprises,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research) 1, 2001.
   60. “The Impact of Globalization and Biotechnology in Asia-Pacific Regions,” Nongye Jingji Wenti (Issues in Agricultural Economics) 1, 2001.
   61. “Development Strategy and Financial Crisis in East Asia,” Gaige (Reform), 2001 No. 1 (with Yongjun Li).
   62. “Why Do Deflation and High Growth Happen Simultaneously?” Shehui Kexue Zhanxian (Social Sciences Frontier), 2000 No. 6.
   63. “Financial Integration and Asian Financial Crisis,” Yuandong Jingji Huabao (Far Eastern Economics) 2000 No. 12.
   64. “An Overview of China’s Economic Research in 1999” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research) No. 11.
   65. “WTO and Mainland Economics,” Zhongguo Shiwu (China Affairs) 2000 No. 2.
   66. “Comparative Advantage and the Development of Information Industry in China,” Shanghai Jingji Yanjiu (Shanghai Economic Research) 2000 No. 9.
   67. “Viability, Policy Burden, Accountability and Soft-budget Constraints,” Jingji Shehui Tizhi Bijiao (Comparison of Economic and Social Systems) 2000 No. 4.
   68. “The Prospect of Complete Circulation of State Stocks,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market) 2000 No. 8.
   69. “Price Cartel Should Be Prohibited,” Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily) Jul 17, 2000.
   70. “Rural Infrastructure Development and the Rural Market,” Nongye Jingji Wenti (Issues in Agricultural Economics) 2000 No. 7.
   71. “Small and Medium Banks and Financial Development,” Zhongguo Jingmao Daokan (China Herald of Economy and Trade) 8, 2000.
   72. “WTO Accession: Challenges and Opportunities,” Guoji Jingji Pinglun (International Economic Review), 5, 2000.
   73. “Suggestions for Sustainable Development,” Gaige Neican (Internal Reform Reference) 8, 2000.
   74. “New Rural Movement,” Zhongguo Nongcun (China’s Villages) 4, 2000.
   75. “Debt-Stock Swap and State-owned Enterprise Reform,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market), 4, 2000.
   76. “The Current Deflation in China: Causes and Options,” Ziben Shichang (Capital Market), 2, 2000.
   77. “The Direction of China’s Financial System Reform,” Zhongguo Jingmao Daokan (China Herald of Economy and Trade), 17, 1999.
   78. “Comparative Advantage and Economic Development: A Reinterpretation of East Asian Miracle,” Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (China Social Sciences) 5, 1999.
   79. “Problems in China’s Long-term Development,” Zhongguo Jingmao Daokan (China Herald of Economy and Trade) 5, 1999.
   80. “Self Regulation in Price is Inappropriate,” Zhongguo Gaige (China Reform) 1, 1999.
   81. “Chinese Economy in the New Millennium,” the Twenty-first Century, 51, Feb 1999: 139-47.
   82. “Reform and Development: Lessons from East Asian Transition.” Chinese Social Sciences Quarterly (Hong Kong) Autumn Issue, Aug 1998.
   83. “China’s Grain Supply Capacity in the Past and Future,” Strategy and Management, 4, 1998: 82-90.
   84. “China’s Regional Income Disparity: Trend and Causes,” Jingji yanjiu (Economic Research), 6, 1988.
   85. “Experiences and Lessons from Southeastern Asian Financial Crises and Industrial Development Policy of China,” Economic Science, 2 (106), 1998.
   86. “On the problems of and policy options for China’s State-owned Enterprise: A Response to the Critiques,” Chinese Social Sciences Quarterly, Winter 1997.
   87. “On the Relationship between the Connotation of Modern Enterprise System and the Aim of State-owned Enterprise Reform,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 3, 1997.
   88. “On the Relationship between future Supply and Demand of China’s Grain,” Liaowang Zhoukan (Outlook Weekly), 35, 1996.
   89. “Localization, Formalization, and Internationalization: Celebration for the 40th Anniversary of Jingji Yanjiu,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 10, 1995.
   90. “The Current Problems and Policy Options in China’s Rural Economy,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 6, 1995.
   91. “The Core for State Enterprise Reform is to Create A Fair Competition,” Gaige (reform), 5, 1995.
   92. “A Study on Grain Yield Potential and Research Priority,” Zhongguo Nongcun Guancha (Chinese Rural Observation), 2, Mar 1995.
   93. “Grain’s Yield Potential and Prospect for Output Increase in China,” People’s Daily, Mar 10, 1995.
   94. “The Choice of Development Strategy is the Key to the Success of Reform and Development,” Jingji Kexue (Economic Science), No. 3, 1994. (also appeared in the Xinhua Digest, no. 9, 1994).
   95. “State, Industrial Policy and Economic Development,” China Industrial and Commercial Time, Apr 5, 1994.
   96. “Some Theoretical Issues Related to Current Market Economy Reforms in Rural China,” Economics News, Mar 3, 1994.
   97. “Let’s Work Together to Build Chinese Economist’s Century,” Economics News, Jan 27, 1994.
   98. “An Analysis of the Situation of Grain Market in 1993 and the Policy of Liberalizing the Price While Guaranteeing the Quantity of Purchase,” Economics News, Jan 20, 1994.
   99. “Changing the Strategic Goal is China’s Key to the Road of Giant Dragon,” Mingbao, Jan 13, 1994.
   100. “A Lesser-making Power for the State-owned Enterprises and Guarding Against Encroachment by Management Power on Ownership,” Economic Herald, 6, 1993.
   101. “On China’s Gradual Approach to Economic Reform,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 9, 1993.
   102. “The Comparison and Selection of Direct Finance by Stocks and Indirect Finance by Bank,” Jinrong Yanjiu (Journal of Financial Research) 5, 1993.
   103. “Reforming the Financial Policy and System So As to Put the Economy on a Virtual Circle,” Gaige (Reform), 3, 1993.
   104. “The Main Issues and Solutions of the Current Economic Reforms,” Liaowang Zhoukan (Outlook Weekly, overseas ed.), 10, 1993.
   105. “The Precondition for Market Development: Changing the Functions of Government,” Zhongguo Nongmin (Chinese Peasant), 2, 1993.
   106. “Reforms and Development in China’s Socialist Economy,” China Social Sciences Quarterly (Hong Kong), 1, 1, Nov. 1992.
   107. “On the Relationship between Share-holding System and Reforms of Large and Medium State-owned Enterprises,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research, monthly), 9, 1992.
   108. “Market Development: The Mainline of Rural Reforms in 1990s,” Nongye Jingji Wenti (Agricultural Economic Problems), 9, 1992.
   109. “Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics by Reforms and Development,” Lilun Cankao (Theoretical Reference), 5, 1992.
   110. “Making the Correct Strategic Choices is the Key to Economic Development,” Jingji Shehui Tizhi Bijiao (Journal of Comparative Social and Economic System, Bimonthly) 1, 1992.
   111. “China’s Agricultural Mechanization Movement,” Nongye Jingji (Journal of Agricultural Economics) (Taiwan), Spring 1991.
   112. “Technological Choice and Innovation in Chinese Agriculture,” Jingji Shehui Tizhi Bijiao (Journal of Comparative Social and Economic System, Bimonthly), 2, 1990.
   113. “The Major Economic Issues and the Way out in China’s Economic Reform,” Zhongguo: Gaige Yu Fazhan (China: Development and Reform, Monthly), 7, 1989.
   114. “On the Rational Sequences and Breakthrough Point of Economic Reform in China,” Jingji Shehui Tizhi Bijiao (Journal of Comparative Social and Economic System), 3, 1989.
   115. “Plight and Choice: on the Development Strategy and Economic Reform in China,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research), 3, 1989.
   116. “On Inflation and Its Way out in China,” Fazhan Yanjiu Tongxun (Bulletin of Development Studies) 2, 1989.
   117. “A Survey of Western General Theory of Agricultural Development,” Nongye Jingji Wenti (Problems of Agricultural Economy) 11, 1988.
   118. “On the Grain Policy,” Jingji Yanjiu (Economic Research, Monthly), 6, 1988.
   119. “On the Outward-Oriented Development Strategy,” Jingji Shehui Tizhi Bijiao (Journal of Comparative Social and Economic System), 4, 1988.
   120. “Small Peasant and Economic Rationality,” Nongcun Jingji yu Shehui (Rural Society and Economy), 3, 1988.
   121. “On Institution and Institutional Changes” Zhongguo: Gaige Yu Fazhan (China: Development and Reform) 4, 1988.
   122. “Trade Policy and Economic Development: On China’s Development Strategy,” Jingji Cankao (Economic Reference), Mar 8, 1988.
   123. “Resource Allocation and Incentive Mechanism in a Labor-managed Firm,” The Chinese Intellectual, 3 (2), winter 1987): 54 – 59.
   124. “Theodore W. Schultz,” in Nobel Laureates in Economics. Sichuan: People’s Press, 1986.
   125. “A Marxian Approach to the Theory of Interest,” Jinrong Yanjiu (Journal of Financial Research) Nov 1984.
   126. “The Mechanism of Resource Allocation in a Socialist Economy,” Jingji Yanjiu Cankao (Journal of Economic Research Reference), Mar 1982.
   127. “On Market Socialism,” Jingji Dongtai (Journal of Development in Economics), Feb 1981.
   128. “On Oskar Lang’s Socialist Model,” in Economic Thoughts: Papers in Honor of Professor Chen Daisun, Peking University Press, 1981.

Book chapters (English)

   1. “Structural Change in Africa,” in E. Sryeetey, S. Devarajan, R. Kanbur, and L. Kasekende eds. The Oxford Companion to the Economics of Africa, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012: 296-303.
   2. “Lessons from the Great Recession,” in N. Birdsall and F. Fukuyama, eds. New Ideas on Development after the Financial Crisis, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011: 50-67.
   3. “A Global Economy with Multiple Growth Poles,” in S. Fardoust, Y.Kim, and C.Sepulveda, eds. Postcrisis Growth and Development: A Development Agenda for G-20, Washington, DC: World Bank Press, 2011: 77-105.
   4. “Shocks, Crises, and Their Determinants,” in Shocks, Vulnerability and Therapy, Selected Papers from ERF 16th Annual Conference, Cairo: Economic Research Forum (ERF), 2010: 3-23.
   5. “Rebalancing Equity and Efficiency for Sustained Growth,” in L. Song and W.T. Woo eds. China’s Dilemma: Economic Growth, Environment, and Climate Change, Canberra: ANU Press, 2008: 90-109.
   6. “Economic Development Strategy, Openness, and Rural Poverty in China: A Framework and China’s Experience,” In M. Nissanke and E. Thorbecke eds. Globalization and the Poor in Asia: Can Shared Growth be Sustained? New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008.
   7. “Development Strategies and Regional Income Disparities in China,” in G. Wan (ed.), Inequality and Growth in Modern China, Oxford: Oxford University Press for UNU-WIDER, 2008.
   8. “The Implications of China’s Economic Transformation for Modern Economics,” in R. Garnaut and L.Song, eds. China: Linking Markets for Growth, Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press, Asia Pacific Press and Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2007: 415-41.
   9. “Development Strategy, Viability, and Economic Institutions: The Case of China,” in G. Mavrotas and A. Shorrocks eds. Advancing Development: Core Themes in Global Economics, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2007: 518-30.
   10. “Is China’s Growth Real and Sustainable?” in Y. Yao and L.Yueh, eds. Globalisation and Economic Growth in China: Series on Economic Development and Growth Vol. 1., World Scientific Publishing Co., 2006: 9-35.
   11. “Several Strategic and Political Thoughts on Boosting Rural Development,” in X.Y. Dong, S.F. Song and X. Zhang, eds. China’s Agricultural Development: Challenges and Prospects, Burlingtong, VT, USA: Ashgate, 2006: 23-32.
   12. “Decentralization and Local Governance in China’s Economic Transition,” in P. Bardhan and D. Mookherjee eds. Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries: A Comparative Perspective，Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006: 305-27.
   13. “China’s Miracle: How Have OECD-Country Policies Contributed?” in K.Fukasaku et al. eds. Policy Coherence Towards East Asia (Development Challenges for OECD Countries), OECD 2005:459-87.
   14. “Comment on US Policy toward the Crisis,” in D.K. Chung and B. Eichengreen eds. The Korean Economy Beyond the Crisis, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005: 87-89.
   15. “Development Strategy, Transition and Challenges of Development in Lagging Regions,” in: F. Bourguignon and B. Pleskovic (eds.), Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 2004: Accelerating Development (Bangalore conference proceedings), Washington D.C.: World Bank (with Mingxing Liu).
   16. “What will Make Chinese Agriculture More Productive?” in N. Hope et al. eds. How far across the river? Chinese policy reform at the millennium (Stanford Studies in International Economics and Development), Stanford: Stanford University Press. 2003: 417-49
   17. “WTO Accession and Chinese Agriculture,” in T.W. Mew et al. eds. Rice Science: Innovations and Impact of Livelihood, IRRI, 2002 Las Banos, Philippines: 957-63.
   18. “Social Consequences of Economic Reform in China: Analysis of Regional Disparity in the Transitional Period,” in M.F. Renard ed. China and Its Regions: Economic Growth and Reform in Chinese Province, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2002:33-56.
   19. “Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth,” in J. Wong and D. Lu, eds. China’s Economy into the New Century: Structural Issues and Problems, Singapore: Singapore University Press and New Jersey: World Scientific, 2002: 147-74.
   20. “Pre-reform Economic Development in China,” in R. Garnaut and Y. Huang. Eds. Growth Without Miracles, Oxford: Oxford University Press, May 2001: 59-76.
   21. “WTO Accession and China’s SOE Reform,” in K. T. Lee, J.Y. Lin, and S. J. Kim eds. China’s Integration with the World Economy: Repercussions of China’s Accession to the WTO, Seoul, Korea: Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, 2001: 55-79.
   22. “Chinese Rural Industrialization in the Context of the East Asian Miracle,” in J.E. Stigilitz and S.Yusuf eds. Rethinking the East Asian Miracle, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: 143-95.
   23. “The Needham Puzzle: Why the Industrial Revolution Did Not Originate in China,” in J. C. H. Chai ed, the Economic Development of Modern China, Vol. 1 Prewar Economic Development, Cheltenham, U.K.: Elgar, 2000: 200-23.
   24. “The Household Responsibility in China’s Agricultural Reform: A Theoretical and Empirical Study,” in J. C. H. Chai ed. the Economic Development of Modern China, Vol. 3 Reform and Opening Up since 1979, Cheltenham, U.K.: Elgar, 2000: 91-116.
   25. “Rural Reform and Agricultural Growth in China,” in J. C. H. Chai ed. the Economic Development of Modern China, Vol. 3 Reform and Opening Up since 1979, Cheltenham, U.K.: Elgar, 2000: 117-34.
   26. “Collectivization and China’s Agricultural Crisis in 1959-1961,” in J. Dreze ed. The Economics of Famine, Cheltenham, U.K: Elgar Reference Collection, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, v. 101, 2000: 386-410.
   27. “Economic Reform and Development Strategy in China,” in P. Drysdale and L. Song, China’s Entry to the WTO: Strategic issues and quantitative assessments, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2000: 30-52.
   28. “The Financial and Economic Crisis in Asia: Causes and Long-term Implications,” The New Social Policy Agenda in Asia: Proceedings of the Manila Social Forum, Manila: ADB, 2000: 9-17.
   29. “Comparative Advantage Development Strategy and the Economic Development of Taiwan,” in E. Thorbecke and H. Wan, eds. Taiwan’s Development Experience: Lessons on Roles of Government and Market, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999: 157-62.
   30. “Collectivization and China’s Agricultural Crisis in 1959-61,” in J. Dreze, ed. The economics of famine. Cheltenham, U.K.: Elgar, 1999: 386-410.
   31. “An Economic Theory of Institutional Change,” in C. Barlow ed. Institutions and Economic Change in Southeast Asia: The Context of Development from the 1960s to the 1990s, Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1999: 8-22.
   32. “China: Farming Institutions and Rural Development,” in M. Meurs, ed. Many Shades of Red, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999: 151-83.
   33. “How to Achieve Food Security: Lessons from China,” Attaining the World Food Summit’s Objectives through a Sustainable Development Strategy, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, and Rome: FAO, 1999: 54-58.
   34. “Transition to a Market-oriented Economy: China versus Eastern Europe and Russia,” In Y. Hayami and M. Aoki eds. The Institutional Foundation of East Asian Economic Development, IEA Conference v. 127, London: MacMillan Press, 1998 and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998: 215-47.
   35. “Agricultural Development and Reform in China,” in C. K. Eicher and J.M. Staatz, eds. International Agricultural Development, 3rd edition, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998: 523-38.
   36. “Rice Production Constraints in China,” in N.G. Dowling, S.M. Greenfield, and K.S. Fisher, eds. Sustainability of Rice in the Global Food System, Davis, CA. USA: Pacific Basin Study Center and Manila, Philippines: IRRI, 1998: 335-56.
   37. “The Current State of China’s Economic Reforms,” In J. A. Dorn, ed. China in the New Millennium, Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1998: 39-74.
   38. “What Can We Learn From China’s Economic Reform?” in J. Y. Lin, ed. Contemporary Economic Issues, Volume 1: Regional Experience and System Reform (Proceedings of the 11th World Congress of IEA, Tunis, 121), London: MacMillan Press and New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998: 147-63.
   39. “China’s Grain Economy: Past Achievements and Future Prospect,” In T.C. Tso, F. Tuan, and M. Faust eds. Agriculture in China: 1949-2030, Beltsville, MD: IDEALS, 1998: 127-58.
   40. “China and the Global System,” in P. Drysdale and D. Vines eds. Europe, East Asia and Apec: A Shared
a. Global Agenda? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998: 257-62.
   41. “State Intervention, Ownership and State Enterprise Reform in China,” In R-I Wu and Y-P Chu eds. Business, Markets and Government in the Asia Pacific: Competition Policy, Convergence and Pluralism (Pacific Trade and Development Conference Series), London and New York: Routledge, 1998: 70-85
   42. “Issues in China’s Economic Reform: Roots and Options,” Shui On Centre for China’s Business and Management and School of Business and Management, Research Reports on Doing Business in China: Current Issues, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1997.
   43. “The Role of Agriculture in the Transition Process in China,” in J. Kydd et al. eds. The Role of Agriculture in the Transition Process Towards a Market Economy, New York and Geneva: United Nations, 1997.
   44. “China’s Food Economy: Past Performance and Future Trends,” in W. Michalski ed. China in the 21st Century: Global Long-term Implications, Paris: OECD, 1996.
   45. “Rice Production Constants in China,” in R. Evenson et al eds, Rice Research in Asia, Wallingford, UK: Cab International, 1996 (with Michael Minggao Shen).
   46. “Rice Blast Disease in China,” in R. Evenson et al eds. Rice Research in Asia, Wallingford, UK: Cab International, 1996 (with Michael Minggao Shen).
   47. “Inflation and Growth in China’s Transition: An Analysis and Comparison with EE/FSU,” in R. Mundell ed. Inflation and Growth in China’s Reform, Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1996.
   48. “Success in Early Reform: Setting the Stage,” in R. Garnaut, S. Guo and G. Ma, eds. The Third Revolution in the Chinese Countryside, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
   49. “Competition and China’s State-Owned Enterprise Reform,” in S. Nagaoka ed. Industrial Transition in China and Russia, Tokyo: Nihon Ryoronsha, 1996.
   50. “Dutch Disease, Taiwan Success, and China Boom,” in L. Ng and C. Tuan, eds. Three Chinese Economies, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: Challenges and Opportunity, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1996.
   51. “Household Farm, Cooperative Farm, and Efficiency: Theory and Evidence from Chinese Experience,” in J. M. Antle and D. A. Summer eds. The Economics of Agriculture: Papers in Honor of D. Gale Johnson (Vol. 2), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
   52. “Institutions and Economic Development,” in T. N. Srinivasan and J. Behrman eds. Handbook of Development Economics, v. 3, North Holland, 1995 (with Jeff Nugent): 2301-70.
   53. “The Nature and Impact of Hybrid Rice in China,” in K. Otsuka and C. C. David, eds. Modern Rice Technology and Income Distribution in Asia, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1994.
   54. “The Nascent Credit Market in Rural China,” in K. Hoff, A. Braverman, and J. Stiglitz eds. The Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice, and Policy, Oxford University Press, 1993 (with Feder, Lau, and Luo).
   55. “Cooperative Farming and Efficiency: Theory and Experience from China,” in C. Csaki and Y. Kislev eds. Agricultural Cooperatives in Transition, Boulder: Westview, 1993: 207-26.
   56. “Agricultural Reform in a Socialist Economy: the Experience of China,” in A. Braverman, K. Brooks, and C. Csaki eds. The Agricultural Tradition in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former U.S.S.R., Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1993: 292-314 (with R. Burcroff and G. Feder).
   57. “Poverty, Resources and Fertility: The Household As a Reproductive Partnership, A Comment,” in A. B. Atkinson, ed. Alternatives to Capitalism, New York: St. Martin’s Press in association with IEA 1993: 246-48.
   58. “Rural Reform and Development,” in R. Garnaut and G. Liu eds. Economic Reform and Internationalization: China and the Pacific Region, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1992.
   59. “Farming Institution and Technological Choice in Chinese Agriculture,” P. Calkins, W. Chern, and F. Tuan eds. Rural Development in Taiwan and Mainland China, Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1991: 91-103.
   60. “Farming Institution, Food Policy, and Agricultural reforms in China,” in Sharing Innovation: Global Perspectives on Food, Agriculture and Rural Development, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990.
   61. “Rural Reform in China: Retrospect and Prospect,” in J. Dorn ed. Economic Reforms in China: Problems and Prospect, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
   62. “China’s Agricultural Development: Recent Experience and Policy Issues,” in Carl K. Eicher and John Staatz eds. Agricultural Development in the Third World, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989 (with Yao and Wen).
   63. “The Household Responsibility System in China’s Rural Reform,” in A. Maunder and A. Valdes eds. Agriculture and Governments in An Interdependent World: Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Hants, England: Dartmouth, 1989.
   64. “Rural Factor Markets in China after the Household Responsibility System Reform,” in B. Reynolds, ed. Chinese Economic Policy, New York: Praeger 1989.
   65. “The Impacts of the Household Responsibility System Reform on China’s Agricultural Production,” in M. J. Dutta, P-K. Chang, and S-K Lin eds. China’s Modernization and Open Economic Policy, Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, 1989.

Others

2010 with Célestin Monga, The Growth Report and New Structural Economics, Working Paper 5336, The World Bank, Development Economics, Office of the Vice President Policy Research June
2010 with Célestin Monga, Growth Identification and Facilitation The Role of the State in the Dynamics of Structural Change, Policy Research Working Paper 5313, The World Bank, Development Economics Office of the Vice President, May
2009 with Xifang Sun and Ye Jiang, Toward a Theory of Optimal Financial Structure, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5038, September 1
2009 with Jiandong Ju, and Yong Wang, Endowment Structure, Industrial Dynamics, and Economic Growth, The World bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 5055, July
2009 with Feiyue Li, Development Strategy, Viability, and Economic Distortions in Developing Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4906, April 1
2009 with Robert B. Zoellick, Recovery Rides on The ‘G-2’, The Washington Post, Friday, March 6
2008 The impact of the financial crisis on developing countries, Korea Development Institute, The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka
2008 with Yan Wang, China’s Integration with the World: Development as a Process of Learning and Industrial Upgrading, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4799,
December 1
2006 with Zhiyun Li, Policy burden, moral hazard and soft budget constraint, Working paper series, E2006004
2005 with Ran Tao and Mingxing Liu, Decentralization and Local Governance in China’s Economic Transition, Working paper series, E20050095
2004 Development strategies for inclusive growth in developing Asia, Working paper series, China Centre for Economic Research, No E2004007, Oct
1998 How did China feed itself in the past? How will China feed itself in the future? CIMMYT Distinguished Economist Lecture, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maizy Trigo, CIMMYT, Mexico, DF (Mexico)
1994 with Fang Cai and Zhou Li, China’s economic reforms : pointers for other economies in transition? The World Bank in its series Policy Research Working Paper Series with number 1310.
1993 Exit Rights, Exit Costs, and Shirking in Agricultural Cooperatives: A Reply, Development Research Center, Beijing, China 100032; Journal of Economic Literature Classification Nos. D23, O13, P32
1989 Rural reforms and agricultural productivity growth in China, UCLA Working Paper Series No 576

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